Compare and contrast Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Compare and contrast - Research Paper Example The second point he argued that true religion consists of genuine inward persuasion of the mind, while the power of the government is force. By this he meant that force will never bring people to the true faith. The third point he argued that if the magistrate would have power to change people’s mind, still it will not bring people to the true faith since many of them believe in wrong religions (Locke, 1796). One of the historic researches that scholars have found out is that Judaism and Christianity was once unified, but time came and they parted ways because of competition. The anti-Jewish Christians statements about late antiquity suggest that salvation was first for the Jews but it was entrusted to them through grace. For example when Jesus Christ came into the world and was he rejected by the Jews. The anti-Jewish believed that at that point it was their opportunity to receive salvation. Martin Luther’s anti-Jewish were very caring in that he accused the catholic of being unfair to Jews and treating them â€Å"as if they were dogs,† he also was annoyed by them when they refused to convert and said â€Å"A Jewish heart is as hard as a stick, a stone, as iron, as a devil.† It is very fascinating how theological issues are viewed differently with scholars, believers as well as theologians. For instance, Mircea Eliade, James George Frazer and Rudolf Otto brought their point in a very interesting way. For example, James in his book The Golden Bough distinguishes between magi and religion. He argued that magic is for primitive people while reign through faith. His remarks can be compared to that of Otto who focused on religious experiences with a fear which benefits people’s relation to God. God is taken to be presented in peoples responses and these responses have this role because they are assigned a phenomenological character which is different from other feelings experienced elsewhere in this human life. Eliade

The Pangaea Theory Essay Example for Free

The Pangaea Theory Essay The Pangea theory describes that all continents were joined together in one enormous land mass millions of years ago. Later on the continents broke apart and start drifting in opposite directions and still continued to make another arrangement. In 1912, Alfred Wegner, a German meteorologist and geologist gave the hypothesis the all the continents were joined together in a single continental land mass surrounded by a single ocean (Panthalassa) Late Paleozoic times. The Wegner used the term Kontinentalverschiebung for the breakup and displacement of crustal blocks. Pangea situated around where Antarctica is now presently. During Jurassic Period the Pangaea started to break up into smaller units called Laurasia and Gondwanaland. In late Cretaceous period, the continents were further separated and transformed as present day continents (William Lowrie, 2007). Figure-1 shows the reconstruction of Wegener’s continental mass using paleo-climatic data from Carboniferous, Permian, Eocene and to Quarternary. Figure-1 (a) Pangaea reconstruction by Wegener in Late Carboniferous time (b) continents in Eocene times (c) continents in Early Quaternary, where K, S, W, E refers coal, salt, desert areas, ice sheets respectively (after William Lowrie, 2007). Evolution of Himalayas The Himalaya holds very important geological and tectonic history. The arc of Himalayan belt is about 2500 km from northwest to southeast. It comprises of well-known famous peaks like Nanga Parbat, Evereast and Namche Barwa etc. The Himalayan ranges hold a huge concentration of lithospheric mass comprising Precambrian to Recent sediments. The contnent to continent collision of Indian and Asian plates is considered as the grave reason for the origion and development of Himalaya. This collision occurred in last 100 Ma yielding the uplifting of Himalayan chain of mountains. This lead the closing of Tethyian sea during 60-50 Ma. The over trust sheets and formation of nappe and klipps was generated as a result of crustal shortening. The uplift resulted huge erosion and deposition phases in the Arabian sea and Bay of Bengal. The subduction process is still under continuation causing earthquakes and tsunamis in the entire region (Anshu Kumar Sinha, August 2008),(An Yin et. al, May 2000) During cretaceous age the indian plate started it journey of collision with Eurasian plate. The subduction of the Indian plate occurred under Eurasia making Tibetan crust with huge thickness (Figure-2). The Tsangpo Indus suture zone was formed in western while MKT/ MMT zones were created. Several regional faults like main continental and boundary thrusts as well as salt range thrusts were generated (Klootwijk et al., 1992). Figure-3 show the distribution of major thrust faults associated with the indianeurasian plate collision Hamalyian orogeny. Figure-2, The subduction of Indian plate under Eurasian plate (after Klootwijk et al., 1992). Figure-3, Regional thrust faults distribution due to the collision of Indian plate (after Harald Drewes, 1995) Tectonics of Sulaiman Kirthar Range Sulaiman Range The Sulaiman Kirthar ranges comprises of about 1250 km long and 75 to 180 km wide zone. The zone is highly complex structurally (Figure-4). There are regional thrust belts in northern and southern side of these ranges. On the eastern and southern side of these belts the successions are highly folded. The intensity of folding diminishes as we move more eastward and southward. A huge foredeep zone containing 10 km thick Jurassic to Recent sediment is present in front of these ranges in the eastern and southern direction (A. H. Kazmi et al., 1997). Sulaiman Kirthar ranges comprises of various tectonos tratigraphic zones. The fold belt contains arc shaped zone is east-west direction. There is exposure of Jurassic to recent strata having a regional unconformity at the base of Dungan Limestone of Palaeocene age having Biabi volcanics a protolith. The folding style in Sulaiman fold belt area are enechelon, parallel/ sub parallel or open which becomes tighter as we move northward. The northern and central part of this belt holds the steep and huge thrust faulting effects including NW and NNW trending strike slip faults originating syntaxis. The lobe shape of Sulaiman fold is believed to be the result of presence of weak basal decollement composed of pilitic rocks or fine carbonates at 14 km deep above the crystalline basement which is supported by tear faults. The northward zone also comprises tight detachment folds as well as forward propagating anticlines with duplex geometry in piggy-back style while in south eastern side broad and dome shaped wider anticlines are present. The Sibi trough exist between Sulaiman and Kirthar fold belts. The trough contains 15 km thick sequences of Triassic to Recent sedimentary rocks above the basement. The thickness of Siwalik molasses in Sibi trough is 7000 meters (A. H. Kazmi et al., 1997). Kirthar Range The Kirthar Fold Belt is 330 km long and 50 to 70 km wide. The belt runs between Quetta and Karachi from north-south. In north and western side Bela-Zhobophiolite are present while on eastern side the Sibi trough, Kirthar foredeep and Indus platform are present (Figure-4). Jurassic to Recent sedimentary rocks are present in the Kirthar Fold Belt. Smaller structural units appear in the belt by differences in tectonic style and variations in stratigraphic successions (A. H. Kazmi et al., 1997). Kalat anticlinorium It lies in northern-most part of this belt contains massive Jurassic carbonates and comprises parallel or en echelon folds. Tallest peaks of more than 3000 meters are present in the area. The doubly plunging broad anticlines with steep limbs and flatter crests are common which are cut by normal and reverse faults. Wider synclinal valleys covered with Cretaceous and Paleogene shales and limestones are present. Kalat Plateau: The plateau is situated in the south of Kalat anticlinorium. This plateau is a depression or downthrown block that is containing Kirthar Limestone of Eocene age. This plateau is a gently undulating synclinorium and holds small and gentle folds having tear and reverse faults. Khuzdar knot: This area is having irregular geometry of structural feature. The zone has gone through intense deformation that lessens in southward. The massive Jurassic limestone here is forming tightly folded anticlines that are separated by tight valleys of irregular geometry. The trend of anticlinal axes is dancing in almost every direction. The folds in eastern side are larger broader. Khude Range Fold Belt The range consists of Paleogene sediments comprising thrust faults that are dipping away from the range. Narrow elongated and en echelon anticlines are present with Jurassic-Cretaceous exposed in the core. Nagau-KirtharFold Belt This belt comprises tight, en echelon, subparallel and doubly plunging folds characterized by reverse and tear faults. On the eastern side of the belt a lot of small popup structures are present due to presence of Kirthar Limestones. The passive roof duplex models are observed in this area. Karachi Embayment Zone This zone is characterized as a synclinorium and contains Miocene to Recent sediments forming SSW trending anticlines. Sanbakh-Lakhrauplift zone The zone lies in the east of Karachi embayment. Paleogene and Neogene sedimentary rocks have filled this area. The zone holds a lot of unconformities and comprises of broad doubly plunging, gentle northsouth trending folds that are cut through by numerous reverse and normal faults. The unconformities depicts that this zone was a structural hight in the paleotimes. KakarKhorasanBasin Kakar Khorasan is referred as Flysch basin. This basin is present in the north of Zhob ophiolite and thrust belt. The basin is comprised of flysch sediments. The deltaic and molasse sediments are also present in the basin. It is assumed that the oceanic crust related to Indian plate has subducted beneath Afghan block, this analysis is based on the gravity surveys which depicts that the oceanic crust beneath the Afgnan block is getting thinner causing Afghan block about 57 km thick. Nisai Limestone of Eocene age as well as Khojak Flysch sediments of Oligocene to Miocene age are exposed in the basin which are underlain by Pliocene sediments or younger molasse. Broad to tight anticlines and synclines associated with the reverse faults are present in this area (A. H. Kazmi et al., 1997). Figure-4, Geological map of a part of Sulaiman-Kirthar Fold Belts (after A. H. Kazmi et al., 1997). Geology Stratigraphy of Salt Range Salt range is composed of very interesting geology and tectonics. Tectonically the salt range is the result of Himalayan orogeny. The salt range thrust is the key tectonic feature that controls the whole configuration of these ranges. Various syntaxes were created due to the movements along vertical axes. Hazarasyntaxis (Jehlum fault) and Indus River syntazxis (Kalabagh fault) are characterized by lateral movements are present in East and west of the salt range respectively (Figure-5) which are the result of adjustment of major thrust plate around the subducting one. The area mainly comprises of thrusted salt cored anticlines and popups where salt is acting as decollement surface (A. H. Kazmi et al., 1997). Figure-5, Tectonic map for salt range (after Harald Drewes, 1995) The salt range comprises of Infra-Cambrian evaporates deposits which are under the coverage of EoCambrian package. The absence of Middle Cambrian to Early Permian rocks depicts regional unconformity in salt range. In Nammal, Chichli Nilawahan gorges of western salt range the younger while in western side at Choa Sayden Shah the older strata is exposed. The salt range area contains molasse deposits of Miocene to Pliocene age which are the result of Himayalian erosion. These recent sediments cover the thick EoCambrian package that overlies evaporite deposits (A. H. Kazmi et al., 1997). Mesozoic and earlier rock rocks exposures are exposed also in Surghar and Khisor ranges. The dolomites, shales and sandstones of Jehlum Group are unconformably overlain by a thick succession of carbonates and clastics of Nilawahan and Zaluch groups. Talchir boulder beds are the indications of a regional angular unconformity at the base of Permian. The exposed Eo-Cambrian formations are about 550m thick in Eastern salt range while the Permian sequence is about 700m thick in western Salt range. Figure-6 is a schematic cross section of Salt, Surghar and Khisor range showing the stratigraphic distribution of formations. The area is devoid of Ordovician to Carboniferous strata depicting a regional unconformity. In western salt range Permian to recent sediments are present uncomfortably over the Cambrian succession. On the contrary in the eastern salt range the Cambrian package is quite preserved and also do not contain Ordovician to Carboniferous successions. There is an abrupt change of stratigraphic successions that just above the Cambrian the Oligocene to recent sediments. An average thickness of continental molasses sediments is about 8000 meters overlying the Eo-Cambrian packages. The Nilawahan group of Lower Permian age acts as a regional unconformity in the entire area (A. H. Kazmi et al., 1997). Figure-6, Stratigraphic distribution of various successions in Khisor, Surghar and Salt range (after A. H. Kazmi et al., 1997). Tobra formation’s Talchir Boulder bed is a result of a global glacial event; the Bain Boulder bed of Marwat formation of Pliestocene age in Bhittani and Shinghar ranges is result of a single catastrophic flood event comprising volcanic debris flow. The salt range area contains highly fossiliferous stratigraphic sequences. Permian sequences contains wide range of fossils, the lower part contains cold while its upper part has water fauna and flora. Lower Eocene’s Kuldana Formation contains vertebrate fauna of whales. The successions in Cretaceous age contain vertebrates like rodents, artiodactyls, bounodonts, anthracobunid and proboscideans. The Siwaliks on the other hand contains mammalian fossils (A. H. Kazmi et al., 1997).

The History Of Integration Strategies Marketing Essay

The History Of Integration Strategies Marketing Essay Toyota employees a diversified business since it has spread its business operations all around the globe. The corporation tends to work in developed countries like America and developing countries like Pakistan. Therefore Toyota can deploy a number of techniques which could enhance the synergy created by diversification. The technique suggested here is that Toyota should further integrate related diversification by manufacturing motor-bikes, Scooties, bi-cycles since these are fuel efficient and eco-friendly transportation means. They can also focus on niche markets like manufacturing metropolitan buses. Building on the topic above, determine how diversified the company you research could become before it created a negative impact on the companys bottom line. Explain your rationale.   According to researches it is found that related diversification is more profitable than unrelated diversification and that there exists a non-linear relationship between diversification and the value created since after an optimal point diversification tends to become value-destroying (Galvan, 2007). Looking at the perspective of Toyota if the company diversifies on the markets it penetrates along with the related product line diversification it will tend to thrive. For example Toyota right now is focusing on diverse automobiles like hybrid, electric, SUVs etc. However if Toyota tends to start manufacturing totally unrelated products like leather shoes, bags etc. it would be a disaster since the corporation does not have sufficient competitive knowledge and competencies for competing in this market. Galvan, A. (2007). Diversification: Value-Creating or Value-Destroying Strategy? Evidence from Using Panel Data. Retrieved from http://gredos.usal.es/jspui/bitstream/10366/17425/1/DAEE_04_07_Diversification.pdf Victory Motorcycles From the case study, evaluate the business-level strategy of Victory Motorcycles to determine whether you believe the strategy is appropriate to offset forces in the industry. Provide specific examples to support your response. The business level strategy which has made Victory Motorcycles so famous around the globe is its diversification strategy. The business is highly diversified with a wide variety of products manufactured like motorcycles, snowmobiles and watercrafts. This makes the organization a highly diversified one. Furthermore the company also targets a diverse market across the globe. Their target market ranges from America all the way to China, Russia, Brazil and Australia. They tend to target customers through a variety of innovative designs and high quality motorbikes. Make recommendations for improving this strategy as well as describing any challenges you foresee in executing those recommendations. Provide specific examples to support your response. Since there are several other automotive firms in the market who have the tendency, capacity and technology to manufacture even better and highly efficient motorbikes the company need to take potential competition in check. What the company needs to do is formulate strategic plans for new automotive design and improve the efficiency. Along with that the company needs to manufacture environment friendly motorbikes like electric cars so that this challenge can also be met. Integration Strategies Explicate how the first company you researched was either helped or harmed by the integration strategy it chose. There are several ways in which companies can integrate for example mergers, forward/ backward vertical integration and horizontal integration etc. The company we researched is Dell.com. Dell has integrated the concept of forward vertical integration in its business model by selling to the consumers directly through its web portal thus calling for a virtual forward integration. This strategy has helped Dell in a variety of ways like increased consumer satisfaction by providing them with customized product right at their doorsteps and an approach to study consumer patterns. Magretta, J. (1998). The power of virtual integration: an interview with Dell Computers Michael Dell.  Harvard Business Review. Retrieved from http://autodesarrollate.vitro.com/PORTAL/cdh/thunderbird/files/Power%20Virtual.pdf Recommend at least one way this strategy could have been improved. This strategy could be further improved by reducing the price of the products since due to forward integration the distribution and placement cost decreases thus the company should also benefit its consumers with the reduced prices. Justify how the first company you researched could benefit from the vertical integration strategies it has not implemented. Include at least one advantage and one disadvantage of each strategy. The company could further take advantage from backward vertical integration strategy in which Dell can focus on manufacturing its own operating system, application software and chips. In this way the company can target a broader market segment along with providing customization in the personal computer internal environment as well. However this strategy might increase the cost of manufacturing along with complexity since there might be bugs in the newly developed programs due to incompetent software developers and company might lose its customers.

Growing demand for corporate governance reform

Growing demand for corporate governance reform 1. Introduction: In recent years, various researchers and scholars have argued that globalisation is leading to escalating convergence in the nature of corporate governance systems, across the corporate world. Hansmann and Kraakman (2000) states; a global compromise has now emerged that corporate managers and authorities must operate exclusively in the economic interests of shareholders, and as a result, all jurisdictions will inevitably move towards a newer model of corporate governance. However, before analyzing in-depth nuances of this concept, we should first try and understand this terminology. The definition of corporate governance can be traced back to the time of the formation of Cadbury Committee (C.C.) in the year 1992. This committee was appointed by the conservative government of the United Kingdom in this year, with obligations of addressing the financial aspects of corporate governance. The C.C. came into existence in response to a number of corporate scandals that radiate uncertainty o n the systems for controlling the ways corporations are run. This committee described Corporate Governance as the system by which companies are directed and controlled. Firstly, it is imperative to understand the significance that corporate governance as a concept holds to its beneficiaries. The importance of corporate governance lies in its contribution both to the concepts of business prosperity and to accountability. Its a strategic sword which has both its sides sharp enough, either to enhance the business efficiency or prove detrimental in the longer run. However, off-late the unprecedented inclination in the corporate scandals and failures around the world rather depicts a gloomy picture. Whilst progressing in this article I will illustrate various such corporate and financial fiascos and the reforms that have been put in place to avoid such massive failures around the corporate world. Besides, an in-depth analysis of the objectives and obstacles associated with corporate global reform measures would also be put forth. 2. Discussion: 2.1 Understanding Corporate Governance Reforms and its Implications. A corporate governance dilemma occurs, at the most basic level, whenever an outside investor desires to implement control differently from the manager in charge of the organization. Disseminated ownership amplifies the problem by giving rise to differences of interest between the various corporate stakeholders and by producing a collective action problem among shareholders  [1]  . More often, an elementary predicament of corporate governance surfaces from an overview that: regulation of large shareholder involvement may provide better security to small shareholders, but such policies may escalate managerial discretion and scope for abuse, (Becht, Bolton and Roell, 2003; Weiss, 1990). Since the year 2001, there has been renewed curiosity in the corporate governance practices of modern organizations, predominantly due to the high-profile disintegrations of a number of large corporations in the United States, such as  Enron Corporation  and  WorldCom. Such collapses have further led authorities to examine the necessity of improved and stronger corporate governance reform measures. Convergence among stakeholders is an essential part of the organization and economic stability, adhering to the corporate reform measures. According to OSullivan (1999: p.4), convergence arguments are emphasized by the neoclassical idea that the formation of liberal markets, which corporate governance reform is seen as facilitating, leads to finest economic outcomes and, in particular, greatest efficiency in terms of the distribution of scarce economic resources. Opinions such as these stiffen our beliefs of corporate governance measures being implemented. Besides, according to Rosse r (2003), corporate governance reform needs to be understood, not in terms of the extent to which it endorses development and effectiveness, but in terms of the extent to which it serves or harms particular political and social interests. It has become extremely essential for all the stakeholders to take into consideration various necessities of a deftly crafted governance reform. Efficient governance ensures that constituencies with a relevant interest in the companys business are completely taken into consideration. 2.2 Why Corporate Governance is an important issue? Claims that corporate governance systems are undergoing scrutiny have intensified in the wake of the Asian crisis and its aftermaths. Limitations in Asian corporate governance systems were widely seen as a primary cause of the Asian crisis and its consequences (Johnson et al, 2000; Dickinson Mullineux, 2001). With the advent of various colossal corporate crises all over the world, institutions such as The World Bank  [2]  have launched a range of schemes to promote corporate governance reform in developing and transition economies. Especially after what happened to corporations such as Lehman Brothers and Merrill Lynch, it has become all the more essential to adopt measure to streamline and conserve corporate governance policies. Corporate structures and governance agreements diverge widely from country to country. They are a product of the local economic and social environment. However, the fundamental issues of management accountability are more or less similar everywhere. The Cadbury Committee was a landmark in thinking on corporate governance. Cadburys suggestion were publicly endorsed in the United Kingdom and included in the listing regulations. The report also proved to be influential in many abroad countries and it has presented a benchmark against which standards of corporate governance in other markets are being measured. Traditionally, the corporate governance models have long been adopted from countries such as the US and the UK. With globalization, increasingly more corporations and governments have been driven towards the more efficient mode of conducting economic activities modelled after the Anglo-American system (Gourevitch, 2003; Jomo, 2004). According to Deakin et al (2005: p.1), The corpor ate governance atmosphere in the UK and the US is generally thought to be aggressive to the emergence of cooperative employment relations of the kind exemplified by labour-management partnerships. Becht, Bolton and Roell, (2003) have identified some factors which can be attributed to the prominence of corporate governance as a crucial issue. They state events such as, world-wide wave of privatization, growth of private savings and the takeover wave of the 1980s, which have put the limelight on corporate governance in developing markets. Besides, the colossal takeover wave in the US during the year 1980s and in Europe in the 1990s has further fuelled the public debate on corporate governance. 2.3 Understanding Corporate Governance Reform Policies and debates. Governance reform measure in the emerging and ripe markets has not progressed despite the willingness shown by the policymakers. According to a report developed by McKinsey Company, there are various ways in which a new life to a reform agenda can be given. Firstly they propose that governance reforms measures need to allocate more emphasis to driving transformation through institutional reforms of capital markets. Secondly, they stress upon the fact that family run business should have separate rights and must be recognized separately. Corporate governance reform continues to be a major concern for most of the emerging economies, throughout the world. International organizations have played a very active and determining role regarding this issue. The International Monetary Fund, The World Bank and The Organizations for Economic Cooperation have all been raising the profile of the corporate governance reforms across the corporate and financial sector. Despite their persistent effort s, corporate market standards in emerging markets are still far behind as compared to those of the US, UK and Europe, as stated by the McKinsey Report. It has been identified that there is a lack of progress and this topic or issue needs much more to be addressed towards itself. Typically, corporate governance practices are crafted to suit the needs of core shareholders of the organization. However, due to this very reason, there has been an increase in the amount and intensity of conflicts between all the stakeholders of the organizations. Problems: The state of Equity holders of corporations worldwide is gloomy, to say the least. According to a recent finding by a financial institution, stock markets are off 50% almost everywhere, banks and similar financial institutions are constantly under the threat of nationalization, dividends are being cut constantly, and to top it all there has been a constant upsurge in the number of frauds happening. According to Hadiz (1997), company employees have not been a key factor in corporate governance policy making, which in turn has given rise to the ever inclining ramshackle corporate governance. Other factors which contributed to this problem have been excessive risk taking by managers, failure on the part of the board and lack of knowledge of financial products. Besides, differences in ownership structure have two palpable consequences for corporate governance, as stated by Morck, Wolfenzon, and Yeung (2005). Apart from this, governing shareholders have both the enticement and the power to discipline management authority. On the other hand, concentrated ownership can create conditions for a new agency problem, because the interests of controlling and minority shareholders are not aligned. There have been a lot of failures in the corporate circuit, which have in a way fuelled the ongoing debate about the corporate governance reform measures. Some of these failures include undetected off-balance sheet loans to a controlling family, deliberate misleading of investors, insider trading and other such infamous events (Becht, Bolton and Roell, 2003). 2.4 Scandals in the corporate domain 2.4.1 Enron: This is the most popular of all the scams and is still being referred to after so many years. This scandal involved unrevealing of debts, increasing revenues and dishonesty. It resulted to the dislodgment of more than twenty thousand people, the death of Americas Most Innovative Company for many years in a row and the termination of one of the Big 5 global accounting firms (Andersen). 2.4.2 WorldCom: WorldCom is now known as MCI, Inc. is part of the Verizon Communications group, today. The company emerged from bankruptcy in the year 2003. The allegations included, inflating overall assets through capitalization of operating costs. The scam amount was estimated to be around, a whooping $11 billion. WorldComs intense bankruptcy filing comes second only to the Lehman Brothers which happened in the year 2008, in the history of such filings in the United States. 2.4.3 Qwest Communications: Its a telecommunications company offering services to 14 states in the in the economy of the US. In the year 2002, it was understood that the company engaged in counterfeit accounting practices which resulted in the inflation of its revenues generated from its deals with Enron Corporation. 2.4.4 Satyam Computer Services: This is a company based in India (now taken over by Mahindra Group). This is the most recent scandal in the financial domain, where the chairman overstated the cash and receivables by a total of over $100 million. Overall Satyams assets were inflated by about $1.85 billion. 2.5 Progress of efforts towards corporate governance reforms In spite of all that has been happening all over the world, pertaining to the fiascos of the financial infrastructures of corporations, there has been a lot of effort taken towards developing measures to curb such events. In the last couple of decades, three largest continental European countries (i.e. Germany, Italy and France) have enacted noteworthy corporate law reforms to strengthen the system of internal governance, empower shareholders better, improve revelation requirements and toughen public enforcement regulations (Enriques and Volpin, 2007). Special prominence is being placed on empowering minority shareholders of the organization, which can hugely contribute towards streamlining the way corporate governance functions. Apart from this, Ziegler (2000) points out that, a long era of political fight between workers and employers in places such as Germany has produced a corporate governance system in which employees in many companies are represented on supervisory boards and a re consequently able to play a role in company management. Also, economies across the world have now started to try and implement US corporate and securities and laws, pertaining to Americas well-developed legal framework. Besides researchers also suggest that, corporate governance framework should also ensure equitable treatment of all the shareholders, which also includes minority and foreign origin equity holders. As Nestor (2000) states, the board should be the main means for effective monitoring of the administration and for providing strategic supervision to the organization. There are many economies still, which are on the verge of falling down, due to the lack of corporate governance mechanisms. However, a proactive nature will have to be adopted by economies and its organizations to understand the nuances of corporate governance, so that they dont go bust all of a sudden. Some other measures include complementary legislations such as accounting law, commercial law, contract law, banking and dispute resolutions, and other such factors. Leuz and Verrecchia (2000) find evidence suggesting that firms cost of capital does decrease when they voluntarily switch to a reporting regime that requires gre ater disclosure. So there has been such a brawl adhering to the importance and significance of disclosure settings. Some of the key objectives of corporate governance reforms include maximizing economic value of the institutions, maximizing market value portfolios, furthering interests of other stakeholders of the organization, and alike. In a much talked about recent book, Roe (1994) Stiglitz (1975) disputes that politics rather than economic competency shaped American corporate law framework, at least at the Federal level. However, the reason why governance reforms come into existence is not the issue, the problem is whether they come forth or no. All the economies in the world must try and act towards the single most goal of increased efficiency in corporate governance. 2.5 Obstacles associated with global reform Although it is often stated that good corporate governance is mandatory, it is also a fact that one size does not fit all. So it becomes futile for economies where they try and imbibe governance measures based on other economies. There is a particular problem as noted by an author. The essence of Agency Problem (Shleifer and Vishny, 1997) is the separation of management and finance, or in simpler words ownership and control. This problem states that there is ideally a contract that financiers and managers sign, however they state trouble that most future contingencies are hard to describe and foresee which leads to mismatch in contract fulfilment. Apart from this, enforcement problems are a commonality. Most of the objectives and plans are not very simple to implement in a corporate structure. If one constituent stands out among the economies, it is that enforcement is an overruling concern. Most countries have significant substantive rules and regulation and disclosure requirements that cover most basic authority disclosures. However, without a market supervisor that can efficiently monitor for violations of law, the disclosure regime will not function One of the other major problems with the implementation of global reforms is the coordination of the parties involved in type of setting. More often than not, synchronization among the stakeholders becomes extremely complex, resulting in inefficient governance measures. Besides, a common global reform measure will not suffice the subjective needs of individual economies, as has already been explained above. 3. Conclusion: In summation, obligatory governance rules are necessary for two apex reasons; firstly, to conquer the collective action difficulty resulting from the dispersion among shareholders and secondly, to make certain that the interests of all applicable constituencies are put forth. Apart from this, it is essential on the part of the management to ensure that they cater to all the stakeholders of the organization. Not only will the management of various corporations, but also the government of the economies will have to stand in together to frame impeccable measure of corporate governance. All over the world, the regulatory framework for corporate governance reform measure has been substantially revised and strengthened, especially in the domains of financial reporting, minority shareholder rights and merger acquisitions (Rosser, 2003). Hermalin and Weisbach (2006) state that, economies across the world, in spite of a long era of studying regulation, has been slow, to provide a conceptual framework for their evaluation. They also mention that such framework requires treating governance organizations as endogenous, so it is easy to evaluate behavioural changes in reply to a new governance restraint. In the end a synchronized effort is required by the economies (on a macro scale) and by the organizations (on a micro scale), to sustain the measures of corporate governance for the longer run. Otherwise, the ongoing debate over the corporate governance reforms seems endless to me. Word Count 2,722

East Timor :: essays research papers

The tiny south pacific nation of East Timor has had a long and tumultuous history. While it has been touted as the first independent country of the 21st century, the government originally declared its independence in November of 1975. East Timor had spent over 300 years under Portugese rule and the colonial influences did much to shape Timorese culture and society. As a result East Timor developed very differently from its neighbours and had little in common with the former Dutch colony that became Indonesia. Portugese rule over East Timor was, like that in other colonies, oppressive and exploitive. The Portugese assumed a paternal role over the inhabitants of East Timor, regarding their own culture as superior. Rebellions were brutally suppressed and Portugese customs, and values along with the Portugese language were imposed on the Timorese. Despite this oppression independence movements in the colony remained strong. Political parties, once they were legalized, quickly formed and groups advocating independence won wide spread support. Following the trend towards decolonization is South East Asia Portugal allowed political parties as a step towards indpendence and democracy in East Timor. However the Portugese failed to ensure the security of East Timor. The was result was that nine days after it had declared its independence from Portugal, East Timor was invaded by neighbouring Indonesia. What followd was a quarter century of brutal oppression in which saw a quarter of the Timorese population lose their lives at the hands of Indonesian troops. The failure of the Portugese decolonization policies cleared the way for the genocide which occurred in East Timor.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Until the 1880s Portugese influnece in East Timor was strong, but not complete and the Timorese had been able to maintain their distinct cultural and religious heritages well into the nineteenth century. At this time Portugal was rapidly falling behind its colonial rivals both economically and militarily and thus sought to more fully exploit the economic potential of East Timor. In 1887, using the assassination of the colonial governor as a pretext, the Portugese government instituted harsh new economic programs designed to undermine the existing Timorese clan system, and bring the entire colony under the control of the colonial government. These plicies led to much resentemtn of the Portugese by the Timorese people and culminated in a massive uprising beginning 1910. The revolt lasted two years and was finally put down by Portugese troops in 1912.

Employee Empowerment Essay -- Business, Organizational Development

Introduction Currently organizations are facing with an increasingly competitive global business climate. That pressurizes organizations to develop policies to enhance workplace commitment on the one hand, and leads employees to develop their skills on being spiritual by considering the goods of their organizations and leader/managers on the other by keeping themselves away from being involved in counterproductive work practices. Organizational commitment has been defined in number of different ways that have evolved throughout the years. Popular definitions have been proposed by Becker (1960) and Porter et al. (1974). Becker (1960) defined organizational commitment as a â€Å"tendency to engage in consistent lines of activity as the perceived cost of doing otherwise is greater† while Porter et al. (1974) described it as â€Å"the strength of an individual’s identification with and involvement in a particular organization.† Allen and Mayer, 1990, (p.14) defined â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.A psychological state that binds the individual to the organization (i.e., makes turnover less likely)†. People having high level of organizational commitment are supposed to be highly productive at work with a superior wisdom of duty and devotion (Ulrich, 1998) Organiatioanl commitment of individuals is one of the major concern for today’s HR mangers based on the strategic assosiation between Organiztioanl commitment and employee performance. Organizatioanl commitment is a complicated phnoemenan as it relies upon different factors for individuals at different hierachal level of the organization. It is therefore important for the mangers of an enterprise to cope with this challenge strategically. Allen and Meyer (1990) suggest that commitment can take three different forms... ...econd part explicitly describes the scheme of research methods, including data collection, measurements, and statistics. The third part gives the analysis results of the present study and corresponding discussion with some of the reasons and explanations. The final part concludes the findings of the study and points both theoretical and managerial contributions, and presents suggestions for future research and the limitations of the study. De-Limitations of the Study As all the variables of present study are directly related with human behavior and discovering human behavior is one of the complex tasks for HR manager. Highly competitive and turbulent upbringings in the business industry may restrict this study to generalize the consequences. Respondents usually do not response with full attention towards it. Time and cost is another limitation for this study. Employee Empowerment Essay -- Business, Organizational Development Introduction Currently organizations are facing with an increasingly competitive global business climate. That pressurizes organizations to develop policies to enhance workplace commitment on the one hand, and leads employees to develop their skills on being spiritual by considering the goods of their organizations and leader/managers on the other by keeping themselves away from being involved in counterproductive work practices. Organizational commitment has been defined in number of different ways that have evolved throughout the years. Popular definitions have been proposed by Becker (1960) and Porter et al. (1974). Becker (1960) defined organizational commitment as a â€Å"tendency to engage in consistent lines of activity as the perceived cost of doing otherwise is greater† while Porter et al. (1974) described it as â€Å"the strength of an individual’s identification with and involvement in a particular organization.† Allen and Mayer, 1990, (p.14) defined â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.A psychological state that binds the individual to the organization (i.e., makes turnover less likely)†. People having high level of organizational commitment are supposed to be highly productive at work with a superior wisdom of duty and devotion (Ulrich, 1998) Organiatioanl commitment of individuals is one of the major concern for today’s HR mangers based on the strategic assosiation between Organiztioanl commitment and employee performance. Organizatioanl commitment is a complicated phnoemenan as it relies upon different factors for individuals at different hierachal level of the organization. It is therefore important for the mangers of an enterprise to cope with this challenge strategically. Allen and Meyer (1990) suggest that commitment can take three different forms... ...econd part explicitly describes the scheme of research methods, including data collection, measurements, and statistics. The third part gives the analysis results of the present study and corresponding discussion with some of the reasons and explanations. The final part concludes the findings of the study and points both theoretical and managerial contributions, and presents suggestions for future research and the limitations of the study. De-Limitations of the Study As all the variables of present study are directly related with human behavior and discovering human behavior is one of the complex tasks for HR manager. Highly competitive and turbulent upbringings in the business industry may restrict this study to generalize the consequences. Respondents usually do not response with full attention towards it. Time and cost is another limitation for this study.

Case Study Practicum In Educational Leadership Education Essay

Leadership is an indispensable ingredient for guaranting that every kid gets the educaA ­tion they need to win. Indeed, instruction leading has been called the â€Å" span † that can convey together the many different reform attempts in ways that practically nil else can. Teachers are on the front lines of acquisition. But principals at the school degree, and superintenA ­dents at the territory degree, are unambiguously positioned to supply a clime of high outlooks, a clear vision for better instruction and acquisition, and the agencies for everyone in the system – grownups and kids – to recognize that vision. As one principal late put it, â€Å" It is non merely about being an decision maker, it ‘s about being instructional leaders. † Experience to day of the month has taught us: that in order to acquire the leaders we want and need in every school, it ‘s non plenty to better their preparation, every bit pressing as that is. Different topographic points and territories besides need to make: Standards that spell out clear outlooks about what leaders need to cognize and make to better direction and acquisition and that form the footing for keeping them acA ­countable for consequences ; and Conditionss and inducements that support the ability of leaders to run into those criterions. These include the handiness of informations to inform leaders ‘ determinations ; the authorization to direct needful resources to the schools and pupils with the greatest demands ; and poliA ­cies that affect the enlisting, hiring, arrangement and rating of school leaders. Each of these nucleus elements for better instruction leading is critical. But what is every bit imporA ­tant is that territories need to work much more closely together in making more supA ­portive leading criterions, preparation and conditions. To make, in other words, what we ‘ve come to name a cohesive leading system. We need leading to hammer all of the assorted elements of today ‘s school reform attempts into a well-functioning system that makes sense for those working difficult to accomplish consequences for kids. A well-functioning system means non merely improved preparation – but â €Å" a more consistent web of support for strong, learning-focused leading in schools and school territories. Partial solutions – like new functions without the authorization to transport them out, or more focal point on larning without seasonably informations on consequences – are likely to take to failure. â€Å" The world is that if we continue to set good leaders into a bad system, we will besides hold to go on to wager on a system that has failed to function far excessively many kids. † We ‘re still at the beginning of this national journey to better school leading that can do a mensurable difference in raising pupil accomplishment across full school territories and provinces. However, the corporate work over the past eight old ages has given us a batch to construct on, and we must go on this work with even greater urgency. As Aristotle reminds us, â€Å" All who have meditated on the art of regulating worlds have been convinced that the destiny of imperiums depends on the instruction of young person. † Effective principals encourage others to fall in in the decision-making procedure in their schools. â€Å" Influence in schools is non a fixed amount or a zero-sum game. † Research workers have examined leading accomplishments from a assortment of positions. Early analyses of leading, from the 1900s to the 1950s, differentiated between leader and follower features. Finding that no individual trait or combination of traits to the full explained leaders ‘ abilities, research workers so began to analyze the influence of the state of affairs on leaders ‘ accomplishments and behaviours. Subsequent leading surveies attempted to separate effectual from non-effective leaders. These surveies attempted to find which leading behaviours were exemplified by effectual leaders. To understand what contributed to doing leaders effectual, research workers used the eventuality theoretical account in analyzing the connexion between personal traits, situational variables, and leader effectivity. Leadership surveies of the 1970s and 1980s one time once more focused on the single features of leaders which influence their effectivity and the success of their organ isations. The probes led to the decision that leaders and leading are important but complex constituents of organisations. Teacher leading has been seen in traditional functions such as section caputs, textbook acceptance commission presidents, and brotherhood representatives. In add-on to being restricted to these three countries, â€Å" traditional leading chances for instructors are highly limited and by and large serve an efficiency map instead than a leading map † . However current educational reforms prompt a reconsideration of teacher leading. Reforms such as site based direction and restructuring attempts include broader functions for teacher engagement and leading. Current teacher leading functions are affecting instructors as wise mans, squad leaders, course of study developers, and staff development suppliers and intend to â€Å" better the quality of public instruction while leting instructors greater leading in the development of those betterments † . These functions involve instructors in decision-making procedures and facilitate instructors going leaders of alteration. Nickse ( 1977 ) studied instructors as alteration agents and advocated instructors in leading functions in alteration attempts for four grounds: instructors have a vested involvement, â€Å" they care about what they do and how they do it and experience a sense of duty for their attempts † ; instructors have a sense of history, they are â€Å" cognizant of the norms of their co-workers † ; instructors know the community, â€Å" have information refering the values and attitudes of the community † and instructors can implement alteration, they â€Å" are where the action is. . .in the place to originate planned alteration on the footing of demand † . Yet despite these grounds and efforts to advance instructors as leaders of alteration and to widen teacher leading functions, instructors do non see themselves as leaders. However, the informations on leaders of educational alteration and the emerging information on instructor leading indicate that the features of these persons mirror those of leaders who have changed other organisations. Leaderships of educational alteration have vision, further a shared vision, and value human resources. They are proactive and take hazards. In add-on, they strongly believe that the intent of schools is to run into the academic demands of pupils and are effectual communicators and hearers. Leaderships of educational alteration have vision ; foster a shared vision, and value human resources. They are proactive and take hazards. School leaders are originative visionaries willing to take hazards in chase of precious values and able to cleaving to a vision with a doggedness that is contagious to about everyone † . The importance of principals holding a vision besides appears in the literature refering instructional. Principals have a vision — a image of what they want their schools to be and their pupils to accomplish. â€Å" Leadership requires a vision. Without a vision to dispute followings with, there ‘s no possibility of a chief being a leader † . The vision provides counsel and way for the school staff, pupils, and disposal. â€Å" Supplying vision and way for the school † as a constituent of instructional leading. Principals keep their â€Å" vision in the head † . â€Å" Associated with a vision has to be a program, a manner of making the end † . The footings â€Å" mission † and â€Å" goal-oriented † are frequently used in literature to depict this feature of principals. The school decision makers ‘ values and beliefs form her or his vision. Vision influences the school clime which includes instructors ‘ instructional behaviours every bit good as pupil results. While decision makers ‘ visions tend to concentrate on district- or school- broad instructional issues, instructors ‘ visions tend to turn to instructor functions and pupil results. Murphy, Everston, and Radnofsky ( 1991 ) discussed instructors ‘ sentiments on restructuring and found that while instructors agreed with the literature refering restructuring, they emphasized the pupil and instructional issues. These instructors ‘ visions included alterations in the schoolroom, such as interdisciplinary course of study, varied pupil grouping forms, and direction that included basic literacy every bit good as â€Å" critical thought, creativeness, curiousness, and independency of idea † ( Murphy, Everston, & A ; Radnofsky, 1991, p. 144 ) . Teachers ‘ vision besides included school alterations that would ensue in more participatory and decision- devising functions for instructors. School decision makers that have developed a shared vision with their mod ule have besides created common land that serves to ease or oblige action to the realisation of this common vision. The relationship between the instructors ‘ and decision makers ‘ vision is of import. Administrators ‘ vision tends to embrace the whole system. Teachers ‘ vision appears to concentrate chiefly on the person or personal actions for school alteration. However, closer scrutiny of the two — instructors ‘ and decision makers ‘ visions — may uncover that both groups of pedagogues are looking at the same vision but go toing to different facets. School decision makers that have developed a shared vision with their module have besides created common land that serves to ease or oblige action to the realisation of this common vision. Frequently underlying a shared vision are instructors ‘ and decision makers ‘ shared values and beliefs, specifically believing that schools are for pupils ‘ acquisition.School ContextA High School with more than 1500 pupils coming largely from low income population countries. You can happen instr uctors unwilling to join forces and work in squads, pupils underachieving and unsupported. The aim is to hold all the school members worked together to do the school a high- achieving acquisition environment where the civilization of the pupils is valued and supported. Through teamwork, staff development, and a uninterrupted focal point on pupil acquisition, the staff and principal will implement new instructional techniques, tight the course of study, and better accomplishments. Teachers will seek new attacks in their schoolrooms. They will see each other ‘s categories monthly to detect, discourse, and give feedback in an informal signifier of equal coaching.Implementing changes/MethodologyMany instructors remain unconvinced by the rule of inclusion. Collaborative action research can pull more instructors into the exciting challenge of prosecuting all their students in larning. Teachers should hold ownership of the research and work collaboratively and there should be a focal point on the effects of their pattern on students ‘ acquisition and engagement. The alteration procedure through which schools and bunchs are supported and work to better their acquisition and instruction is the sequence of events and actions taken by instructors, working as a squad, to better acquisition and instruction in the school. The Principles are cardinal to this ; they provide the focal point and are a mention point for speaking about acquisition and instruction and clarifying ends and school-based enterprises. The alteration procedure is designed to ease locally based determinations about acquisition and instruction. The action program is an in agreement place generated at the school degree about actions related to pedagogy that the school will set about to convey about alteration. These determinations are determined by the peculiar and single conditions and ends of each school, determinations that merely the school can do. The action program includes monitoring processes that aid instructors refine their instruction attacks and measure whether the alt erations lead to improved pupil results. For bunchs set abouting this plan, the school action program sits within a broader bunch program. The relationship between the bunch and school planning and organisation will be different for each bunch, depending on local conditions. Supporting actions: These are actions that are indispensable for the planning and execution of alteration enterprises to be successful. For illustration, experience has shown that organisational agreements such as time-tabling and room allotment must be attended to. Strategic coverage within and beyond the immediate school/cluster community can significantly heighten support for the plan and the committedness of the squad. Infrastructure support: Implementing the alteration procedure assumes and depends upon a set of meshing constructions to back up schools and bunchs. These include: aˆ? support from DE & A ; T and critical friends who work with the school, supplemented by bunch and regional web agreements including workshops aˆ? entree to local expertness, including the Cluster Coordinator aˆ? tools such as interviews and questionnaires for rating aˆ? professional development through preparation workshops for PoLT ( Principles of Learning and Teaching ) and Cluster Coordinators, the PoLT modular and on-line Professional Learning resources, and other professional development support provided by the PoLT and/or Cluster Coordinator. Within the School Accountability and Improvement Framework, schools are encouraged to reflect on their current organisational sustainability, along with their current operations and patterns, to place and develop the cardinal schemes required to accomplish the coveted pupil results. At the bosom of the new model is a set of inquiries that will help schools to concentrate rating and planning procedures on improved results for all pupils: 1. What results are we seeking to accomplish for our pupils? 2. Where are we now? 3. What do we hold to make to accomplish the results we want? 4. How will we pull off our resources to accomplish these results? 5. How will we cognize whether we are accomplishing these results? The planning stage is critical to the success of the undertaking in the school. Developing an action program requires considerable idea and attending, and will likely take a full term in the school twelvemonth to finish. The chief stairss in developing the action program are:aˆ? scrutinizing acquisition and instruction patterns in the schoolA scope of information is collected from pupil studies, teacher interviews, analyses of the school course of study and resources, PoLT squad procedures and relevant policies and enterprises in the school. This information will concentrate treatment on appropriate waies to take.aˆ? reviewing and prioritisingThe cardinal issues are analysed and enterprises and ends are identified.aˆ? developing and composing the action programThe PoLT action program should stipulate a scope of actions to be taken by the PoLT Coordinator and instructors at assorted times during the execution procedure to reply these inquiries and better acquisition and in struction. PoLT action planning will be an built-in portion of the School Strategic Planning procedure.Memoranda – LetterssBeloved Parents and Friends:As the new Principal of High School, it has been my sincere pleasance and award to go a member of this great school community. High School enjoys a rich history of academic and cultural excellence that is the consequence of a collegial partnership between the school staff and parents who provide a diverseness of experiences for the pupils. During my first hebdomads in the territory, I have so found this close working relationship and concentrate upon what is best for kids to be. I am genuinely honored to be appointed to this place and am looking forward to working with the dedicated staff to supply the best possible educational plan for our pupils. Before coming here, my professional calling was wholly within the XYZ School for many old ages. I held the places of instructor, chief, staff trainer of engineering, and cardinal office decision maker. I am really aroused to be a portion of the High School household and to closely work with everyone to do our school even better. My greatest enterprise is to supply the leading that will ease a school environment to supply differentiated direction to run into the demands of each pupil to the best of our ability. The educational plan must be academically ambitious, prosecute each pupil by associating the course of study to old cognition and experience, and besides be exciting to advance farther geographic expedition of new thoughts. Parents, instructors, support staff, and disposal all have an of import function to promote our kids to go active scholars. It is my sincere desire to supply expanded chances for our pupils to get the accomplishments to go productive citizens in a immensely altering society. Through a stopping point and collegial partnership with everyone associated with High School, I am confident we can do our school an even a better topographic point for our pupils to larn and turn. Respectfully, PrincipalBeloved Teachers/Students/Parents,Let me be the first to state Welcome back to school! † And, if this is your first twelvemonth at High School, Welcome to our school! † I am honored to be the Principal for High School! As many of you already know, my name is ABC decision maker. Bing selected as the new High School Community Schools is exciting. I must state I choose to come here because of the fantastic staff and pupils that make up this school territory. For our pupils † was besides a finding factor. I want you to experience welcome to halt by school whether it ‘s to volunteer, hold tiffin with your kid, or merely state hello. I believe it is of import for your kids to and I will work hard to do certain that happens. You will often happen me at tiffin with the pupils or in schoolrooms throughout the school. I hold myself accountable for being a seeable presence in the schoolrooms, hallways, and extra-curricular events. My hope is that you and your ki d will happen me as accessible and easy to talk to and that you wo n't waver to reach me if you of all time have inquiries, concerns, or you merely want to portion good intelligence about our school or your kid. I would wish to shut by one time once more stating you how much I am looking forward to working with the parents, pupils, and staff at High School. Thank you for the chance to work with your kids. I am genuinely esteemed. Sincerely, High School Principal