French Essays Affaire Dreyfus

French Essays Affaire Dreyfus Discuter là ©volutiondes intellectuels francais depuis laffaire Dreyfus Pendantplus quun sià ¨cle, la prà ©sence des intellectuels en France est sans doute trà ¨simportante. Ils ont un rà ´le influent dans la socià ©tà © franaise et les nomscomme Zola, Sartre, Là ©vy et Debray sont connus partout dans le monde. Biensà »r, les intellectuels ne se trouvent pas seulement en France, mais il estprobablement l, avec ses grandes à ©coles et la culture de discussionintellectuelle dans les cafà ©s, oà ¹ on trouvera ceux qui ont le plus de respectet le plus dinfluence. La position de lintellectuel franais au sein de lasocià ©tà © franaise est significative. La France est fià ¨re de ceux qui donnentune voix au peuple dans un pays avec une histoire parfois anarchiste. Laprà ©sence des intellectuels tout moment important pendant le dernier sià ¨cle,ainsi que leurs contributions aux discussions politiques et sociales montrecombien lopinion des intellectuels est importante. Cependant,on verra que la position de lintellegensia a beaucoup changà © au cours dusià ¨cle. À laube dun nouveau millenium, il est aujourdhui que lesintellectuels franais se trouvent dans une situation inconnue. Est-ce quilssont destinà ©s de devenir perdu dans un monde dominà © par les nouvellestechnologies, oà ¹ est-ce que leurs dà ©clarations portent la mà ªme signification aujourdhuiquil y a cent ans? Laffaire Dreyfus et la naissance de lintellectuel Onpeut datà © exactement le moment oà ¹ le terme intellectuel est entrà © danslhistoire. Le13 janvier 1898, Georges Clemanceau, rà ©dacteur du journal radical LAurorepublie une lettre adressà ©e au Prà ©sident du Troisià ¨me Republique. La lettresappelle Jaccuse, et il sagit dun capitaine juif danslarmà ©e franaise, Alfred Dreyfus. En 1895, celui-ci est condamnà © peine devie pour la trahison et lespionnage. En fait, Dreyfus nà ©tait pas coupable,mais vu que lantisà ©mitisme fut trà ¨s populaire cette à ©poque-l, Dreyfus estsoumis une injustice extrà ªme. Là ©glise, là ©tat, et les mà ©dias lecondamnent, mais en effet, il à ©tait une victime des sentiments anti-sà ©mitiques. Aprà ¨ssa dà ©portation là ®le du Diable en 1895, la famille de Dreyfus essaie de lelibà ©rà ©, mais sans succà ¨s. Finalement, son pà ¨re à ©crit au à ©crivain, Emile Zola.Celui-ci devient donc le dà ©fenseur de Dreyfus, cest une personne cà ©là ¨bre etrespectà ©e avec une voix forte dans un climat anti-sà ©mitique. Zola accuse uneautre personne, Walsin Esterhazy, et il accuse le militaire et là ©tat duneconspiration contre Dreyfus. Pendant les semaines suivantes, la campagne deZola attire les autres personnages respectà ©s qui incluent les intellectuels etles à ©crivains comme Marcel Proust et Andrà © Gide. à ©videment, sur lautrecà ´te, il existe aussi les adversaires de Zola, ceux qui croyaient que là ©tatet là ©glise à ©taient suprà ªmes, et que de les remettre en cause à ©taient latrahison elle-mà ªme. En 1899 Zola est condamnà © aussi, et il sest mis en exileen Angleterre. Laffaireest donc divisà © en deux divisions opposantes, les Dreyfusards, Zola, Proust,Anatole France et Eduard Drumont (rà ©dacteur du journal la LibreParole) qui soutiennent Alfred Dreyfus, et qui luttent sans cessepour sa libà ©ration. Les antidreyfusards prennent la position adversaire, etils incluent Alphonse et Là ©on Daudet, Barrà ©s, Copà ©e, et Bourget. Aprà ¨s six ansde lutte, Alfred Dreyfus est libà ©rà ©, la victoire pour les Dreyfusards nestpas seulement une victoire pour Dreyfus, mais aussi pour tous les gens quiavaient à ©tà © maltraità ©s par là ©tat, mais qui auparavant navait aucun moyen dese dà ©fendre. Ilest à ©vident que les actions des Dreyfusards et la lutte menà ©e, et gagnà ©e contrelà ©tat ouvrent la porte aux intellectuels franais. Cependant, on verra quece chapitre nest quun dà ©but, et que le rà ´le des intellectuels à ©volue au coursdu sià ¨cle. La dà ©finition dun intellectuel Aprà ¨slaffaire Dreyfus, peut-à ªtre croit-on quil est facile de comprendre le rà ´ledes intellectuels dans la socià ©tà © franaise. On peut les dà ©crire comme lesdà ©fendeurs des droits de lhomme, les champions de la và ©rità ©, mais cesdescriptions sont probablement trop simplistes. Un intellectuel nest passeulement quelquun avec une bonne à ©ducation, sinon on pourrait dire que tousles à ©crivains, les journalistes, les universitaires sont les intellectuels,ceci nest pas le cas. Dà ªtre un intellectuel du mà ªme genre de Zola, il fautquelque chose de plus. Il faut quun intellectuel utilise son nom et sonprestige pour sengager dans une actività © au dehors de son domainedexpertise. Lintellectuelsera un homme du culturel; crà ©ature ou mà ©diateur, mis en situationdhomme du politique, producteur ou consommateur didà ©ologie. Ni un simplecatà ©gorie socioprofessionnelle, ni un simple personnage irrà ©ductible. Ilsagira dun statut, comme dans la dà ©finition sociologique, mains transcendà ©par une volontà © individuelle, comme dans la dà ©finition à ©thique, et tournà © versun usage collectif   Grà ¢ce leur intelligence et leur à ©ducation supà ©rieure, les intellectuels commandentdu respect et leurs opinions sont estimà ©es, souvent plus que celles des hommesde politique. Bien quil soit probablement naÃÆ' ¯f, il est vrai de dire que lesgens sont mà ©fiants de ceux-ci, pendant que les intellectuels sont considà ©rà ©scomme impartiaux. Au cours du sià ¨cle Ilparait que laffaire Dreyfus marque la vraie naissance du mouvementintellectuel en France, mà ªme si Zola nest pas vraiment le premierintellectuel individuel. Victor Hugo est son inspiration et là ©crivain Jacquesle Goff a à ©crit un livre au sujet des intellectuels en France mà ©dià ©velle.Toutefois, laffaire Dreyfus remonte le profil de lintellectuel, et il estun profil qui est paru de plus en plus pendant le vingtià ¨me sià ¨cle. Dansles annà ©es suivantes, les intellectuels franais interviennent souvent dansles discussions. Pendant la premià ¨re guerre mondiale, les intellectuelspacifistes comme Henri Barbusse et Romain Rolland essayent douvrir les yeuxdes franais aux atroces commis pendant la guerre. Barbusse, dans son livre  Le feu, journal dune escouade   raconte sesexpà ©riences du feu des tranchà ©es, et il y exprime ses aspirations pacifistes. Enplein conflit mondial, il apparaà ®t un mouvement surrà ©aliste. Autour du poà ¨teromain, Tristan Tzara, le cosmopolitisme du groupe est dà ©j une provocation.La date de naissance officielle du mouvement surrà ©aliste est en 1924 et pendantles annà ©es vingt ce groupe de jeunes artistes essaie de   bouleverser lavie   et   libà ©rer lesprit  . Ils soutiennent la lutte contreloccupation des colonies. Le surrà ©aliste Louis Aragon annonce son oppositionet quitte le mouvement, disant que lart devrait reprà ©senter la socià ©tà © commeelle à ©tait, il voulait dire que le mouvement surrà ©aliste devrait à ªtre partisanet dà ©fendeur du parti communiste (PCF). Le communisme et le fascisme Pendantles annà ©es trente, face la menace du fascisme, un groupe dintellectuelsfranais sunissent. Ils participent dans les comità ©s et les confà ©rences etsignent les pà ©titions contre le fascisme. Pendant loccupation nazie de laFrance, ce groupe dintellectuels travaillent en secret sur le nom du  Comità © national des à ©crivains   pour rà ©sister au   NouvelOrdre  , soutenu par les intellectuels opposà ©s, comme Pierre Drieu LaRochelle et Louis-Ferdinand Cà ©line. Lexpà ©riencede la Rà ©sistance pendant la guerre souligne exactement le rà ´le desintellectuels, mais la distinction entre les opinions universelles et lapolitique commence devenir confusà ©e. Le philosophe Julien Benda se plaignede la trahison des intellectuels qui donnent leur soutien en faveur desidà ©ologies politiques au lieu des idà ©ologies universelles. À cette à ©poque-l,lun des intellectuels le plus cà ©là ¨bres fait sa marque sur lhistoirefranaise. Jean-Paul Sartre souligne le rà ´le et la responsabilità © delintellectuel franais. Dans son ouvrage,   Quest-ce que lalittà ©rature  ? (1948)  , Sartre encourage lintellectuel franaisdagir selon la situation dans laquelle il se trouve. Sartre lui-mà ªme montreson engagement en à ©crivant des pà ©titions et des lettres sur plusieurs problà ¨mes,en particulier en ce qui concerne la guerre en Algà ©rie oà ¹ il mà ¨ne une campagnecontre la guerre elle-mà ªme, et, en particulier la torture. Mà ªmesi lon pense de lintellectuel comme dà ©fendeur des idà ©ologies universelles,les intellectuels sont toujours sur une grande pression dappartenir un partipolitique. Il est cette pression qui endommage la rà ©putation du mouvementintellectuel pendant les annà ©es suivantes. Sartre nappartient pas un partipolitique, il cherche trouver un compromis entre le capitalisme occidental etle politique de Stalin. Mà ªme sil ny appartient pas officiellement, Sartresoutient le PCF. Dautres intellectuels ne sont pas aussi timides avec leursaffiliations politiques, Aragon, à ©luard et Guillevic soutiennent ouvertement lePCF et Stalin. Les intellectuels communistes se collaborent avec lennemipendant loccupation nazie, et cette collaboration sape de plus la rà ©putationimpartiele des intellectuels. Raymon Aron est un intellectuel qui na pas la fascinationavec le marxisme en commun avec ses pairs, mais il est une figure solitairedans un pays oà ¹ le communisme est populaire. Il nest pas daccord avec unegrande majorità © des intellectuels et sa dissertation,   LOpium desintellectuels   (1955) oppose aux idà ©ologies communistes. Il estaprà ¨s linvasion de la Hongrie par la Russie que Sartre et les autresintellectuels retirent leur soutien du PCF, mais ils se tournent vers lesnouveaux rà ©gimes en Chine et au Cuba. Che Guevara est devenu une figureimportante pour les intellectuels. Les annà ©es 60-70 Lesà ©và ©nements de mai 1968 sont vus comme un succà ¨s pour les intellectuels. Il esteux, et non pas les ouvriers, qui provoquent les troubles. Mais on doit aussinoter que bien que cette à ©poque soit considà ©rà ©e comme un succà ¨s, lesà ©và ©nements soulignent aussi une division profonde entre les ouvriers et lesintellectuels. Pendantles annà ©es 70, les intellectuels interviennent dans plusieurs domaines, enparticulier les problà ¨mes concernant les paysans, les prisonniers, et lesouvriers immigrà ©s. Comme dans les annà ©es prà ©cà ©dentes, les intellectuelsessaient de donner une voix aux groupes pià ©tinà ©s mais il semble que plusieursde ces interventions naient pas beaucoup de succà ¨s. Il y a quelquesexceptions quand mà ªme, en 1971, le journal le Nouvel observateur publieun manifeste important. Simone de Beauvoir est parmi 343 femmes qui dà ©clarentde se faire avorter  ; ce manifeste mà ¨ne un changement là ©gislatif, lesfemmes obtiennent le droit de choisir. Letravail de Simone de Beauvoir, et dautres intellectuels ce moment-l marqueun changement subtil, mais important dans le rà ´le de lintellectuel franais.Auparavant, lintellectuel a luttà © pour la justice quelque soit le domaineaffectà ©, mais de plus en plus,le   nouveau intellectuel   ne seprononce sur les discussions dans son domaine de spà ©cialisme. Il parait que cegenre dintellectuel ne veut pas entrer dans les discussions au dehors de sondomaine de compà ©tence. Ladà ©sillusion des annà ©es 70 est soulignà ©e aussi par la publication de   TheGoulag Archipelago   par Alexander Solzhenitsyn. Cette publicationternisse limage de la Russie sous le rà ©gime de Stalin, et avec les preuves dugà ©nocide au Cambodge, les intellectuels deviennent anti-marxiste. Lesidà ©ologies des partisans communistes, et donc les intellectuels qui leur ontsoutenu sont mis en question pour la premià ¨re fois. Les jeunes intellectuelscomme Bernard-Henri Là ©vy et Andrà © Glucksmann, qui ont à ©tà © partisans du PCF,lient le communisme avec le fascisme, et retirent leur soutien. En juin 1979,Sartre demande au Prà ©sident daider le peuple vietnamien, ce qui montre queSartre est devenu aussi anti-communiste. PierreBourdieu est un autre adversaire du travail des intellectuels. Il dà ©critlintellectuel dans ses ouvrages,   La distinction, Homo academicus etLes Rà ¨gles de lart  , plutà ´t comme un genre dhomme de politique,au lieu dun hà ©ro du peuple. La position de lintellectuel aujourdhui Vuque la critique contre les intellectuels ne cesse pas augmenter, on sedemande alors si lintellectuel franais est une espà ¨ce en voie dedisparition. Peut-etre faut-il rà ©definir la description de lintellectuel.Winnock à ©crit  :   Les intellectuels ont aussi un rà ´le organique exercer, etreles ouvriers de cette dà ©mocratie impossible, rà ©gime de libertà © limità ©e,dà ©galità © approximative et de fraternità © intermittente (..)Plus large, plus profond, plus durable que les cris despamphlà ©taires et les manifestes des pà ©titionnaires, cest le travail quotidiendes intellectuels anonymes comme à ©ducateurs notamment qui me parait devoirà ªtre reconnu comme le và ©ritable contre-pouvoir, la fois critique etorganique, au sein de la socià ©tà © dà ©mocratique  . Dansson ouvrage, Le Dictionnaire des Intellectuels Winnock parle plutà ´t desà ©và ©nements au lieu des intellectuels individuels, il parait alors quelintellectuel lui-mà ªme, nexiste plus. Les mortes des personnagesimportantes pendant les annà ©es 90, comme Marguerite Duras, Franois Furet etGilles Deleuze soutiennent cette idà ©e, mais il est peut-à ªtre un peu simpliste.En à ©crivant un tel ouvrage, Winnock illustre le fait que les franais restenttoujours fascinà ©s par les intellectuels impressifs. En fait, pendant lesannà ©es 80, plus de 30 livres sont publià ©s au sujet des intellectuels, etdepuis 1990, plus de 80 livres en plus ont à ©tà © à ©crits. Il semble que lesfranais ne sont pas encore prà ªts oublier les intellectuels respectà ©s. Malgrà ©les observations de Winnock et le silence des intellectuels pendant les annà ©es 80,il est à ©vident quaux annà ©es 90, les intellectuels recommencent trouver leur voix.Les discussions politiques concernant les guerres en Bosnie, en Croatie, eten Iraq provoquent les interventions intellectuelles. En 1995, Juppà © proposeun plan de rà ©forme qui provoque les grà ¨ves et les manifestations. Lesintellectuels jouent un rà ´le important en critiquant ces rà ©formes, ils sontdivisà ©s en deux partis, ceux qui soutiennent les rà ©formes, et ceux quià ©crivent des pà ©titions contre celles-ci. Cette   guerre depà ©titions   souligne aussi la diffà ©rence entre les intellectuels universels,et ceux qui ont plus de spà ©cialisme dans le domaine de laide sociale. Pendantces discussions, lintellectuel franais parait comme un citoyen parmi tout lemonde au lieu dun guide suprà ªme. Ily a une autre intervention quil faut mentionner. En 1999, Debray va Kosovopendant le conflit. À son retour, Le Monde publie une   lettredun voyageur au Prà ©sident de la Rà ©publique  , dans laquelle Debrayattaque lOTAN. Les parallà ¨les entre cette lettre et le soutien donnà © au PCFet les idà ©ologies fascistes dans les annà ©es passà ©es sont à ©videntes. Ceci nedonne pas une bonne impression des intellectuels laube dun nouveaumillenium. Les mà ©dias Lesnouveaux mà ©dias jouent un rà ´le important dans là ©volution des intellectuels.On peut les voir comme une avance bienvenue pour intellectuel, ils leurdonnent loccasion de communiquer ses idà ©es plus efficacement, mais lesnouveaux mà ©dias sont aussi considà ©rà ©s comme une menace. Rà ©gis Debray est unintellectuel qui les critique. Selon lui  : Là ¨rede lintelligentsia sera celle de la plus grande inintelligence. En effet, ily a un rapport inverse entre la valeur informative dun message et sacommunicabilità ©Ã‚   Ilsemble que lavance des nouveaux mà ©dias mine limportance et le prestige desintellectuels. Ceci parait contradictoire lidà ©e originale delintellectuel. Les mà ©dias donnent aux intellectuels loccasion datteindre unplus grand public. En effet, il est grà ¢ce la presse à ©crite que lesDreyfusards ont eu du succà ¨s il y a cent ans mais cependant, maintenant on estplus mà ©fiant de la presse et les mà ©dias. Il est à ©vident quaujourdhui laplupart des à ©là ¨ves vont luniversità ©, le niveau dà ©ducation est plus haut etcomme rà ©sultat, les gens questionnent les opinions des intellectuels au lieu deles acceptà ©es sans questions. Conclusion Onne peut pas discuter que le rà ´le de lintellectuel franais a à ©voluà © beaucoupau cours du sià ¨cle. Laffaire Dreyfus et les à ©và ©nements de mai 1968 peuvent à ªtrevu comme les points culminants pendant le sià ¨cle, mais il est aussiincontestable que les intellectuels franais ont jouà © un rà ´le important dans laplupart des discussions controversà ©es. Bien quils soient toujours lià ©s auxpartis politiques, lintellectuel est vu comme quelquun qui peut, avec sonnom et son prestige, lutter pour la justice surtout oà ¹ il faut une voiximpartial et forte. Larà ©putation de lintellectuel à ©tait bouleversà ©e pendant les annà ©es 50, lesoutien du PCF à ©tait un erreur grave, mais le fait quils ont retirà © leursoutien montre que les idà ©ologies changent et les intellectuels ont le droit dechanger leur avis. Aujourdhui on voit que les intellectuels ne sont pasaussi vite daffirmer leurs affiliations politiques, pendant les à ©lections en2002 les intellectuels à ©taient notamment silencieux. Onvoit aussi que la description dun intellectuel a changà © aussi. Il y a probablementdeux types, ceux que lon appelle   universelle  , et ceux quiprà ©fà ¨re travailler dans un domaine plus spà ©cifique. Le fait que son rà ´lecontinue de change ne veut pas dire que la fin est arrivà ©e pour lesintellectuels, tout ce quil veut dire est que les intellectuels doiventà ©voluer aussi pour rester en contact avec le peuple. Lesmà ©dias jouent aussi un rà ´le important et avec lavance des nouvellestechnologies, comme linternet par exemple, il faut attendre encore quelquesannà ©es avant de voir ce que limpact sera. Nà ©anmoins il est à ©vident que lapresse et les mà ©dias ont toujours un rà ´le important. Dansle futur, il est peut-à ªtre vrai que lon va parler de la  personnalità ©Ã‚   au lieu de   lintellectuel  , mais pourle moment, la fascination des franais et lestime quils ont pour lesintellectuels, assurent que les intellectuels ont toujours une place dans lasocià ©tà © franaise. Bibliographie Lesintellectuels en France de lAffaire Dreyfus nos jours, Pascal Ory etJean-Franois Sirelli, Paris, A. Colin, 1986 Lesià ¨cle des intellectuels, Michel Winock, Paris, Seuil, 1997. Lediable en tà ªte, Bernand-Henri Là ©vy, Paris, B.Grasset, 1984. ContemporaryFrench Cultures and Societies, Frà ©dà ©ric Royall, Peter Lang, 2004. Francetakes its intellectuals to heart, Louis Oppenheim, The Chronicle Review,edition 7 September 2001.

Changes in Family and Marriage Structure :: Sociology

Marriages and Families â€Å"Changes† Imagine that, if in the 1920’s someone would have predicted that by the year 2000 one out of two marriages will end in divorce. The number of single parents will triple and lots of them will never marry. Stay at home moms will become almost obsolete and, gay people will want to get married and adopt children. Oh my, could you imagine the look on their faces? Families are defiantly different now than they were then, but the world is also different. Does this mean than families are deteriorating or are they stronger than ever? Maybe they are just changing and are still as strong as they once were. So many changes have taken place within the family. Some of them are higher divorce rates, more working mothers, more homosexual families, and a huge increase in children born out of wedlock. Many argue that most of the family’s problems come from the mother working outside of the house. The fact is that working mothers is nothing new. Mothers have always done something to help out, even if it was sewing, baking, or working on the land. In today’s world it’s very hard to make ends meet with only one income. Children benefit in some ways from their mom working. In this materialistic culture children want to have all the nice things and what’s hot. Working mothers spend on average just as much quality time with their children as non working mothers. Divorce, single parents, and unmarried parents have always existed. It is no doubt that the rates of them have increased dramatically. Is this a bad sign? This doesn’t mean that families are weak. It only means that people’s morals have changed. Families are not perfect, but they are strong. We also have more freedoms than we did in the 1920s. Women can now leave their husbands when things are unbearable. Women didn’t have as many choices then. Just because families seemed good then don’t mean that they were. It’s not something we should try to live up to. After all we are talking about a time when slaves were legal and treated badly. On the opposite side men don’t get to really be full time fathers after divorce. Divorce defiantly affects children. It is also better for children if they don’t have to live in a household of anger and unhappiness. Of

Sharing Meals With Arabs :: Essays Papers

Sharing Meals With Arabs Arabs enjoy inviting guests to their homes for meals; you could be a guest at meals any time. Meals provide the host and hostess with a perfect opportunity to display their generosity and demonstrate their personal regard for you. Arabs usually invite guests through an oral invitation and by sending a written invitation. If you plan to visit a family in Bethlehem, for example, you must know the time of the invitation and how to act during and after the meal. Most of the Arab families have specific times for lunch and dinner, so it is very important to be on time. Lunch is at 12:00 p.m., and dinner is at 6:00 p.m. To be on time is very important if the dinner is formal and official. If the guests arrive early, there is plenty of time for conversation before the meal. Conversation does not generally take place after the meal for an everyday invitation. Most of the members of the family will be waiting for the guests; they all have helped in preparing the meal. Separation between the men and women while eating is very important in the Arab society. Many families prefer to let the women eat alone; therefore, if the meal were for men only, you would not find any women sitting at the table. In some cases, if the guests are both men and women, women can sit at the table. At wedding parties, for example, the men sit alone and the women sit alone. This separation of men and women is very important at wedding parties. When the guests sit at the table, they find many kinds of food that the host and hostess have prepared. Arabs serve a great quantity of food when they entertain. They are famous for their munificence, or great generosity, and are very proud of it. They usually prepare two or three times more food than the guests can eat. In fact, they do not try to calculate the amount of food actually needed; on the contrary, the intention is to present abundant food that shows generosity and esteem for the guests. The food does not go to waste; it is consumed by the family afterwards. Encouraging guests to eat is a part of the Arab custom and is also required for good manners. You can expect to be offered second and third helpings of food, and you should make the gesture at least once for accepting.

Self Evaluation for Decision Making

From: Kayayetta Dukes To: Lana Lincoln Subject: Self Evaluation January 17th 2012 Dear Mrs. Lincoln, Here is my yearly self-evaluation report about the managerial decisions I have made regarding the restaurant’s employee retention issues we face. As we have previously discussed at meetings our employee retention ratio to turnover is fairly poor for a restaurant. I think many establishments face this challenge of retaining good employees and there are several reasons that are to blame for the high ratio. I feel if we didn’t implement these criteria it would snowball and grow into bigger problems so it seemed a no brainer to waste no time in starting this makeover. I’ve come up with a game plan to drastically reduce our turnover rate so we can focus on other issues that warrant our attention in the process of making the restaurant number 1 in all aspects possible. Our major issue at the restaurant is that our employee retention rate is around 15% which leaves our turnover rate at an out of control 85%. With most of our employees being constantly replaced its hard for our staff to have a sense of cohesion, team pride, and stability. My criteria with this challenge was to create a sense of loyalty with the staff, make them feel like they are a part of a big family; show them that this job can be a long-term career and that we want to promote from within. Weighing these criteria helps me figure which are most important in reaching our overall goal of reducing our turnover rate. The numeric value of 5 will count as most vital in accomplishing our goal and 1 will represent the criteria that can be put on the back burner until the 5’s are implemented and in force. Communicate managements’ goal to promote from within 5 * Reward full-time and part-time employees for length of service 1 * Team-building exercises once a month 1 * Create an employee suggestion box 5 * Revamp scheduling to create more convenience 5 Although I feel strongly about my above solutions I’ve created a few alternatives that could possibly work just as well. My first alternative idea would be to mandate training classes for al l employees. This plan would include training on customer service skills, teamwork strategies, and personal growth. Another alternative would be to mandate employee events to reward good service and promote togetherness. My final solution would be to crack down on the team with serious consequences for being late, missing shifts, or receiving customer complaints. This method would consist of writing repeat offenders up and firing them after so many to show we want to employ and keep worthy employees and we will not tolerate less. To rate these alternatives I used a score of 10 for the best and a 5 for the ones that I have reservations about. * Mandated training classes for all employees. 10 Mandated after work employee events to promote team cohesion. 5 * Rid the restaurant of employees who aren’t doing a good job. 5 I carefully considered these alternatives before making the optimal decision of sticking with the original plan plus including the first alternative to have a fail proof way of getting a serious hold on our retention rate. I did encounter problems completing the challenge thoug h. This included resistance from employees who were reluctant with accepting change. Also we had issues with scheduling for additional trainings and after work events to work on team cohesion. I overcame these hurdles by making the trainings available more days to accomidate more employees without conflict, we created the suggestion box and also are now taking a majority vote for the monthly reward meeting in which we will have an open forum about issues that have risen in the previous month as well as to cover progress and future expectations. In conclusion, this project has been widely successful in just these few short months. Our team is working more cohesively and taking teamwork to a whole other level. The suggestion box has been filling up and we have been addressing concerns of our employees which have made them feel their opinion is not only important but wanted. This in return is creating more loyal enthusiastic and eager workers whom are giving great customer service to our guests. I hope you are as satisfied as I am in the team and see the overall difference and growth. Sincerely Floor Manager Kay Dukes Reference: Bazerman, M. H. , & Moore, D. A. (2010). Judgment in Managerial decision making (6th ed. ). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

James Moloney Gracy

Gracey is the second in James Moloney’s contemporary trilogy that deals with a range of issues facing Aboriginal society. In this text, Gracey finds herself confused about her identity, caught between the worlds of her Aboriginal background and the Anglo-Saxon environment of her exclusive boarding school. Gracey’s family has recently relocated to the outback town of Cunningham, however she feels estranged from the community.Gracey’s school friend, Angela, has come to visit and seems intrigued by Cunningham, however Gracey is impatient and embarrassed by her home. Intolerant of younger brother Dougy and the prospect of becoming yet another single Aboriginal mother in Cunningham, she is eager to return to Brisbane. Gracey lives and acts ‘white’. Dougy meanwhile uncovers a mass grave of aboriginal bones in the small town, prompting an outrage by the local black community.They wish to reclaim the land and demand answers surrounding the death of these men . Gracey too becomes enthralled by the mystery, researching mass killings of Aborigines. She is shocked by her discoveries but becomes impassioned for the first time about her people and her heritage. When Gracey’s mother dies, she returns home to Cunningham and assumes the matriarchal role, taking care of her two brothers. Raymond, her older alcoholic brother, drinks all of his social security money, leaving the family penniless.He is aggressive and lost. Dougy has also become more apathetic, spending much of his time roaming the town foraging through rubbish. As a result of the discovery of the mass grave, the Aborigines in Cunningham participate in a protest march which results in Raymond and Dougy being thrown into the watch house overnight. This is Dougy’s first brush with the law, however Raymond has spent many nights in the town jail. Despondent and depressed about his future, Raymond hangs himself in his cell.

Reality Television Does More Harm Than Good Essay

1. Economy Reality TV stimulates the economy The Reality TV industry produces a stimulus for the economy. â€Å"If I pay a reality star 1/50 of what I’d pay Johnny Depp, my return is going to come back much quicker,† said Mark Young, a professor at USC’s Marshall School of Business. Judge, this is obviously a huge good that come out of reality TV. CNN reports that reality TV decreases unemployment rates in the US. â€Å"Career Makeover, a new series that promises to tap into the frustrating low points of millions of today’s out-of-work and underemployed Americans. The show will give viewers something that’s perhaps more telling than the government’s eagerly-awaited monthly employment report.† According to Washington Post, winning big on a reality television cooking show has helped catapult the careers of even established chefs. As Geoffrey Zakarin, a food network iron chef, stated â€Å"TV is the gigantic tide that lifts all boats† Advertising is also a huge factor since Tens of Millions of people watch reality TV- TIME Advertising†¦.as most know occurs during the show in the middle of small breaks between the show. Heres the twist. Reality TV has advertising inside the show. New York Times—->It is typically easier to weave a product into an episode of a reality show like â€Å"American Idol† or â€Å"Survivor† than into a scripted series like â€Å"Grey’s Anatomy† or â€Å"Two and a Half Men.† Lets give an example. Lets say there is a family in a reality tv show using a vacuum cleaner. The actors in the reality tv show would compliment the cleanliness of the vacuum cleaner and this is a form of advertising. Oregon State University—-> 23 million tuned in â€Å"Multi-Millionaire† and 51 million watched the finale of â€Å"Survivor†. This was an advertisers dream. This is why we see advertisers paying $2.1 million for sponsorship on â€Å"The Mole† The initial â€Å"Survivor† sponsors paid $4 million but â€Å"Survivor 2† price tag jumped to $12 million (Friedman, Harsh ‘Reality,’ 2000:4 & Grover, Off the Island, 2000: 48). How do the networks benefit? CBS collected about $52 million in advertising for the initial â€Å"Survivor† (Grover, Off the Island, 2000: 48). ABC’s â€Å"Millionaire† brought up it’s operating income by 33% (Lacter, â€Å"Blair Witch TV, 2000:64). The impact is that reality TV not only creates jobs and boosts employment rates, but it also boosts the economy and businesses through advertising. 2. It helps society Reality TV is an easy way to make money and stimulate the economy. It costs very little to run and It is cheap. It gives oppurtunities for many of the unemployed. As we said in our 1st contention, Career Makeover is giving oppurtunities. We have to take advantage. These shows teach others how to do different things. For example, Yankee Workshop teaches about building and constructing. American Idol and America’s Got talent shows the love of music. The Impact is that If you lose, you got an opportunity and if you win, you win an oppurtunity. According to Martha Airth-Kindree, executive director of  the Mile Bluff Medical Center Foundation, â€Å"Scores of people have been inspired by â€Å"The Biggest Loser†. † The popular reality television show is the inspiration for a new weight-loss program in Juneau County According to an article written by Dr. Michelle Golland, a mental health professional, she believes that reality tv can be a good thing. As she states in her article, the shows â€Å"Intervention† and â€Å"Obsessed† bring us into the lives of people suffering with mental health problems, drug and alcohol addiction, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. â€Å"Intervention† helps treat people who seek help on the show and also pays for their treatment, which many of them may otherwise be unable to afford. It also allows us to witness the damage inflicted on every person in an addict’s life and the devastating impact on them. This show can help those who view it to realize they need help, or encourage a family member to stage their own intervention with the help of a professional, which they may never have had the courage to do until watching it on TV. â€Å"Obsessed† is a painful display of people who have severe anxieties and are seeking treatment for them. The impact is that Reality TV helps society by helping the economy, teaching different things, inspiration for better health, and showing the world the lives of those with health problems. i accept your definitions and weighing mechanism so i will start with my contentions Contention 1: The sheer number of reality programmes is now driving TV producers to create filthier, more corrupt reality shows. Reality TV is actually getting worse as the audience becomes more and more used to the genre. In a search for ratings and media coverage, shows are becoming ever more vulgar and offensive, trying to find new ways to shock. When the British Big Brother was struggling for viewers in 2003, its producers responded by attempting to shock the audience that little bit more. â€Å"Big Brother† programmes have also shown men and women having sex on live TV, all in a desperate grab for ratings to justify their continued existence. Others have involved fights and racist bullying. Do we let things continue until  someone has to die on TV to boost the ratings? Contention 2: Reality TV encourages people to pursue celebrity status, and discourages the value of hard work and an education. Reality shows send a bad message and help to create a cult of instant celebrity. They are typically built about shameless self-promotion, based on humiliating others and harming relationships for the entertainment of each other and the viewers at home. These programmes suggest that anyone can become famous just by getting on TV and â€Å"being themselves†, without working hard or having any particular talent. Kids who watch these shows will get the idea that they don’t need to study hard in school, or train hard for a regular job. As John Humphrys points out, ‘we tell kids what matters is being a celebrity and we wonder why some behave the way they do. As American lawyer Lisa Bloom fears, ‘addiction to celebrity culture is creating a generation of dumbed-down women. Reality shows encourage such addictions and promote the generally m isguided belief that they should aspire to be the reality stars they watch on their televisions. Contention 3: Reality shows make for bad, lazy and corrupting television, encouraging such behaviour in society. They mostly show ordinary people with no special talents doing very little. If they have to sing or dance, then they do it badly – which doesn’t make for good entertainment. They rely on humiliation and conflict to create excitement. Joe Millionaire, where a group of women competed for the affections of a construction worker who they were told was a millionaire, was simply cruel. The emotions of the contestants were considered expendable for the sake of making viewers laugh at their ignorance. Furthermore, the programmes are full of swearing, crying and argument, and often violence, drunkenness and sex. This sends a message to people that this is normal behaviour and helps to create a crude, selfish society. One American reality show, â€Å"Are You Hot?†, in which competitors submit to a panel of judges for ‘appearance-rating’, was blamed by eating disorder experts as encouraging the notion that ‘appearance is the most important. Contention 4: Reality TV is dishonest – it pretends to show â€Å"reality† but it  actually distorts the truth to suit the programme makers. The shows are not really â€Å"real† – they are carefully cast to get a mix of â€Å"characters† who are not at all typical. Mostly they show a bunch of young, good-looking self-publicists, who will do anything to get on TV. Usually the programme makers try to ensure excitement by picking people who are likely to clash with each other. They then place them in unnatural situations, such as the Big Brother house or the Survivor island, and give them strange challenges in order to provoke them into behaving oddly. In The Bachelor, where a group of women compete for the affections of an eligible male, the ‘intimate dates’ they go on are filmed in front of any number of camera; that is not reality (Poniewozik, 2003). Finally the makers film their victims for hundreds of hours from all angles, but only show the most dramatic parts. Selective editing may be used to create â€Å"storylines† and so further manipulate the truth of what happened.

Secondary Motives

SECONDARY/ LEARNT/ PSYCHOLOGICAL MOTIVES  ·Besides the basic biological needs, the expression of psychological needs is also of great significance:through society and culture in which one lives.  · Non-satisfaction of these motives may lead to mental illness. Main psychological needs are: i. Achievement ii. Curiosity iii. Need for appraisaliv iv. Need for affiliationv v. Need for powervi vi. Work as motive 1. Achievement  · Self- actualization or attaining excellence in relevant domain is the characteristic feature ofthis motive. The need to achieve something, some object of desire, a goal, or position/status.  · The source of satisfaction is not just the achievement of the goal, but the very act of strivingfor it too.  · The level of the need for achievement varies from person to person.  · Some are high and some low achievers.  · Competition is an important element of this need.  · Achievement motivation is a significant variable in a competitive society.  · Peopl e with high motivation: Take and overcome challenges in order to succeed rather thanfinding an easy ways of achieving success. Similar essay: Primary and Secondary Reflection Examples People with low motivation: Tends to avoid failure, finding easy way outs, not desire to takedifficult tasks.  · Methods of measuring achievement motivation: · Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is used; series of ambiguous pictures are presented tothe person and ask him to write a story on it.  · Instructions are given as that the story must have a beginning, middle and an end along withthe title; who are the people, what they are thinking, feeling, wanting etc; what is going onand what will happen____ all depicts the needs, desires and motivation to succeed/ achieve. In short the subject describes the past, present and future along with the description ofcharacters and their thinking and motivation.  · Factors Contributing to the Need for Achievemento Parents who are warm for their child as well as make high standards for theirchild; encouragement is given on becoming independent. o Siblings who are high achievers in their own domain. 2. Curiosity  · Think why a little chil d always wanting to break toys and things? Why children always asks questions of things they saw on TV, read it or listen from any one · It is all their curiosity and need to explore in order to find answers of these puzzles.  · It is a significantly inborn but learned also: found in both humans and animals.  · Parents encourage their children's curiosity by satisfying their inquisitiveness.  · School also plays an important role; the teaching methodology adopted may encourage or discouragecuriosity. 3. Symbolic Reward/ Appraisal Appraisal is a powerful motive for everyone; especially for children and animals ·Praising words, petting after doing well etc all serve as symbolic reward for the learner.  ·The presence and the attitude of the more liked serves as a social reward for thelearner e. g. child with his mother, dog with its caretaker etc. Parent's approval and disapproval, liking and disliking towards the child all areincluded in symbolic rewards. 4. Need for affil iation  ·Urge/ desire to main a relationship with other people; making friends, social contact with otherpeople. Less desire to be isolated or alone.  ·Studies showed that females spend a larger span of time among friends and peers as compared tomales.  ·Although the need for affiliation is a universal phenomenon, cultural differences do exist in itsexpression; some cultures have more group cohesiveness than others. 5. Need for Power  · Desire to influence, hold or ruling over others in order to be recognized as powerful individual.  · These types of people prefer to work in big organizations, businesses and other influentialprofessions. There also exists gender differences among males and females; men are more apt to take challengesand respond quite aggressively irrespective of women who are socially restrained and traditional inher behavior. 6. Work  · Most of the people spent large span of time in their life at work; for this reason, psychologists take itas another po werful motive  · Work serves as a powerful motive because it satisfies other motives also such as biological motives ofhunger, shelter etc, sense of achievement, affiliation and decision-making.